Nowadays cities benefit from two geographical (natural, social, and economical environments) and artificial (man-made environment, and architecture) symbols. Mankind has always been trying to change these two symbols for the sake of his daily activities or earning his life and establishing a dwelling both as an interest and as a shelter. During this process GREEN areas, jungles, and gardens have been changed into skyscrapers and buildings. Bricks, cement, and metallic plates have replaced for attractive views of nature. Today’s citizens have a sad feeling while they see that they have fallen far from the beauties and quietness of nature.To solve this problem, industrialists have developed the GREEN roof technology. Urban planners and architects use it as a ‘back to nature’ process. GREEN roof is a method to convert the rough, dry, and cold parts of the city into GREEN spots. Besides GREEN roofs can create micro-climatic zones which reduce pollution and improve the living conditions of the citizens.This process is highly advantageous for cities like Tehran which is located in a 730 sq. km. of land delimited by mountains and deserts.67.9 percent of the city is occupied by buildings and about thirteen million people live in this city. GREEN roofs are good means for reducing these problems of Tehran.

Compilation and implementation of GREEN PRODUCTIVITY mechanism in each governmental and non-governmental organization has several environmental, social and economic achievements.In this paper for management of GREEN PRODUCTIVITY in Iran Aseman Airline Company current situation are analyzed such as the consumption of energy, water, airplanes fuel and evaluating environmental pollutants. At the end of this study some applicable techniques for increasing the PRODUCTIVITY and consideration of environmental aspects in this company are recommended. Maximum water consumption had been 7500 m3 in the year 2005 during August until September, the maximum of electricity consumption was 759300 kWh in the year 2004 during July until August, the maximum of natural gas consumption had been 83647 m3 in the year 2004 during Feb until March , Also averages of 661500 L of fuel were consumed in this company’s vehicles yearly and in the last nine month of the year 2005, amount of 60263155 liters of airplane fuel has been consumed.

Iced tea is a world popular beverage,for example about 80% of people in Italy and United States, consume iced tea as a thirsty-quenching beverage. However, it is also believed that iced tea contains health benefit components. Process of iced tea involved tea solid extraction and then mixing with edible acids, flavors, sugar or non-nutritional sweeteners. In this research, regarding to the demand market for new beverage, the possibility of production iced tea beverage using GREEN tea leave was investigated and was extracted under predetermined conditions. The effects of extraction temperature and time on the extractability were examined. The results of extraction at various temperatures in sample demonstrated that the extracted solid yield increased steeply during the first 5-10 min of extraction, but gradually in next 10-30 min and after 30 min the extraction continued slowly. Tea cream and haze extract was also determined using gravimetry and spectrophotometric methods, respectively. The extraction components, which cause tea cream and haze formation in extract increased with increasing of temperature. A sharp increase was observed when extraction temperature increased from 50 to 60oC. There was no significant difference (p<0.01) between treatment regarding tea cream and haze formation between temperatures 40 and 50oC, but above 50oC was different significantly. Haze was significantly correlated to the tea cream in each extract. The linear regression coefficient for GREEN tea leave extract was R2=0.969 (p<0.01). Iced tea beverage was flavored with different essential oil and then that acceptability was evaluated by sensory panel analyzed with multiple comparison method. A standard physical and chemical experiment, haze changes for beverage during storing was monitored for 2 months. The results indicated that produced iced tea beverage (p<0.01) was stable.

Electricity generation in thermal power plants as the largest producer of electricity in Iran is associated with GREENhouse gas emissions. In this paper, using the Malmquist-Luenberger method, GREEN PRODUCTIVITY, and efficiency changes are measured for 31 thermal power plants (including 12 steam power plants, 13 gas power plants, and six combined cycle power plants) during 2009-2016. The results show a slight increase in GREEN PRODUCTIVITY in gas power plants and a slight reduction in GREEN PRODUCTIVITY in combined cycle power plants. Also, GREEN PRODUCTIVITY in steam power plants has not changed approximately. The mean values of the Malmquist-Luenberger index for these three types of power plants are 1. 007, 0. 997, and 1. 0005, respectively. Although the environmental performance of gas power plants is slightly better than the two other types of power plants, but the difference of mean values of the Malmquist-Luenberger index for the three types of power plants is small. Furthermore, if we compare the power plants individually, we get different results, the highest and lowest mean values of the Malmquist-Luenberger index (1. 06 and 0. 982) is for a steam power plant (Shahid Mofateh) and a gas power plant (Konarak) respectively. Therefore, the power generation method and type of power plant (gas, steam and combined cycle) have no significant effect on the environmental performance of power plants and the environmental performance of them can be affected by other factors. The type of fuel consumed by power plants is one of the most critical factors affecting the GREEN PRODUCTIVITY of power plants. Over the past two decades, many countries have replaced natural gas with coal to reduce GREENhouse gas emissions. Hence the abundance of natural gas resources in the country is one of the advantages of thermal power generation taking into account environmental considerations. Another point is that Iran has planned to convert the significant number of gas plants to combined cycle power plants. The research findings support this policy because the results show that combined cycle power plants are more efficient than gas power plants.

A B S T R A C T GREEN city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “GREEN city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “GREEN city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. GREEN city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the GREEN city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, GREEN space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of GREEN city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of GREEN city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the GREEN city Extended Abstract Introduction GREEN city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “GREEN city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “GREEN city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. GREEN cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. GREEN cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the GREEN city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as GREEN city, is determined. Analysis of the GREEN city index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of GREEN city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of GREEN city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of GREEN city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of GREEN city. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective indicators of the GREEN city, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the GREEN city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of GREEN city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving GREEN cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

this study attempts to examine the empirical relationship between gasoline taxes (as the most effective energy carrier of emissions) and labor productivities in the case of Iran using the time series data for the period 1990-2015 usingthe autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. This research tests the interrelationship between the variables using the bounds testing to cointegration procedure. First, we estimated gasoline demand function by ARDL method and thereafter we subordinated the estimated gasoline demand as regressors in the per capita of labor PRODUCTIVITY function. According to price variation in the gasoline demand, we calculated the effect of the GREEN tax on labor PRODUCTIVITY over three scenarios. The results imply GREEN tax over three scenarios even though Porter Hypothesis has a negative impact on the labor PRODUCTIVITY. Estimating the Error Correction model reveals that the speed of adjustment to restore equilibrium is a stable long-run relationship.

In the present era, GREEN supply chain management is considered as an important organizational philosophy in reducing environmental hazards and a preventive approach to increase organizational performance. Different industries are obliged to enforce environmental compliance during various supply chain processes to meet environmental obligations in their production or service activities. Hence, the main purpose of the current enquiry was to design a two-level model for GREEN supply chain management practice and to analyze the relevant importance of each component, via fuzzy analysis, in enhancing GREEN PRODUCTIVITY in the Petrochemical Industry in Bushehr province, Iran. The research population consisted experts and specialists from both the industry and the university. The research data were gleaned through a researcher-made questionnaire. To serve the purpose, the study commenced with reviewing the existing literature via a qualitative content analysis approach which identified 12 important measures that can be taken in the field of GREEN supply chain management. Having validated the Two-Level Model, the importance of each of the measures was computed via Fuzzy analysis. Finally, the managerial measures in GREEN Supply Chain were classified and, accordingly, suggestions were presented to the Petrochemical Industries Managers concerning how to improve their situation.

GREEN PRODUCTIVITY is a sustainable development approach. The purpose of this study is to identify GREEN PRODUCTIVITY Indicators and to determine the relationships between Indicators to present the model through fuzzy cognitive mapping. The fuzzy cognitive mapping method used in this research is based on the Rodriguez-Repcio and et al. (2007) automated FCM. The statistical population of the study included all the experts of Plastonic Company. GREEN PRODUCTIVITY indicators were identified through Literature review. Fuzzy cognitive mapping was created Using four matrices، Initial Influence Matrix، fuzzified Influence Matrix، Strength of Influence Relationships Matrix، Final Matrix of Influence and the software Mental Modeler. The cognitive mapping represents the relationships between the GREEN PRODUCTIVITY Indicators and the weights among them. According to the model، four policy or scenarios were designed in software to identify the relative changes of each indicator. Finally، the fourth scenario with the most positive impact on other indicators was selected as the best scenario among the designed scenarios.